Sentinel lymph node biopsy versus observation in high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: a propensity score matching analysis.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has gained considerable attention in the management of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC). The aim of this study was to compare the oncologic outcomes between observation and SLNB in cN0 high-risk HNcSCC patients. We retrospectively enrolled patients from the SEER database and evaluated the impact of observation versus SLNB on disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) analysis. A total of 9804 patients were included, with 1169 cases treated by SLNB. Successful retrieval of the sentinel lymph node was achieved in 1130 procedures. After PSM and subsequent multivariate analysis, SLNB was found to be an independent predictor for improved DSS, with a hazard ratio of 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.86). In patients presenting with two or three high-risk factors, SLNB was associated with better DSS (p = 0.021 and p = 0.044), but similar OS (p = 0.506 and p = 0.801) when compared to observation. However, in patients exhibiting four high-risk factors, SLNB demonstrated significantly improved DSS (p = 0.040) and OS (p = 0.028) compared to observation. Our findings suggest that SLNB is a highly feasible technique in HNcSCC and provides significant survival benefits. It is strongly recommended in patients with two or more high-risk factors, as it can help guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes.

Practice Patterns and Outcomes of Skin Cancer Reconstruction of the Head, Neck, and Face by Surgical Specialty: An NSQIP Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Reconstructive procedures of the head, neck, and face after skin cancer resection are typically performed by surgeons trained in either ENT facial plastic surgery or plastic and reconstructive surgery. We analyzed a large national database to compare patient populations, practice, and outcomes of skin cancer reconstruction of the head, neck, and face performed by these 2 surgical specialties. METHODS: Cases were selected from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Variables that differed significantly on univariate analysis were included in a nominal logistic regression, with having at least 1 wound-specific complication, medical complication, or unplanned reoperation within 30 days as the dependent variables. RESULTS: There were a total of 2850 cases, of which 61.36% were performed by ENT. Surgical specialty was not found to be a predictor of wound complications, medical complications, or unplanned reoperations. On multivariate analysis, operative times greater than 6 hours and anatomical location (specifically, skin cancer of the nose) predicted adverse outcomes. Significant differences were observed between the patient populations of the 2 specialties in terms of demographics, comorbidities, and the anatomical location of the cancer defect. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of the head, neck, and face after skin cancer removal represents an important and common element in the scope of practice of both ENT facial plastic surgeons and plastic surgeons. No evidence was found to suggest that surgical specialty is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. However, ENT facial plastic surgeons and plastic surgeons seem to manage unique patient populations and use different reconstructive techniques, reflecting their distinct training and areas of expertise. A multidisciplinary approach where the complementary skills of both specialties can be leveraged may optimize patient outcomes.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Postoperative Outcomes of Osteocutaneous Fibula Free Flaps for Head and Neck Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Osteocutaneous fibula free flaps (FFFs) are a fundamental component of reconstructive surgery in the head and neck region, particularly after traumatic injuries or oncologic resections. Despite their utility, FFFs are associated with various postoperative complications, such as infection, flap failure, and donor site morbidity, impacting up to 54% of cases. This study aimed to investigate the influence of socioeconomic variables, with a particular focus on median household income (MHI), on the incidence of postoperative complications in FFF reconstruction for head and neck cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 80 patients who underwent FFF reconstruction for head and neck cancer at a single center from 2016 to 2022 was conducted. Demographic and patient characteristics, including race, MHI, insurance type, history of radiation therapy, and TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) cancer stage, were evaluated. Logistic regression, controlling for comorbidities, was used to assess the impact of MHI on 30-, 90-, and 180-day postoperative complications. RESULTS: The patient population was predominantly male (n = 51, 63.8%) and White (n = 63, 78.8%), with the majority falling within the $55,000 to $100,000 range of MHI (n = 51, 63.8%). Nearly half of the patients had received neoadjuvant radiation treatment (n = 39, 48.75%), and 36.25% (n = 29) presented with osteoradionecrosis. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the $55,000-$100,000 MHI group had significantly lower odds of developing complications in the 0- to 30-day postoperative period when compared with those in the <$55,000 group (odds ratio [OR], 0.440; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.205-0.943; P = 0.035). This trend persisted in the 31- to 90-day period (OR, 0.136; 95% CI, 0.050-0.368; P < 0.001) and was also observed in the likelihood of flap takeback. In addition, the $100,000-$150,000 group had significantly lower odds of developing complications in the 31- to 90-day period (OR, 0.182; 95% CI, 0.035-0.940; P = 0.042). No significant difference was found in the >$150,000 group. CONCLUSIONS: Median household income is a significant determinant and potentially a more influential factor than neoadjuvant radiation in predicting postoperative complications after FFF reconstruction. Disparities in postoperative outcomes based on income highlight the need for substantial health care policy shifts and the development of targeted support strategies for patients with lower MHI.

Malnutrition in Head and Neck Free Flap Reconstruction as a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is associated with increased mortality in patients with head and neck (H&N) cancer. Because albumin levels are used as a surrogate for nutritional status, the purpose of this study is to assess whether malnutrition is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes in H&N free flap reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 2006-2018 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database was queried for patients undergoing flap procedures of the H&N based on Current Procedure Terminology codes. Patients were included if they were operated on by an otolaryngologist or when the primary surgical site was H&N. Nutritional status was categorized as malnourished (preoperative albumin level <3.5 g/dL) or normal (preoperative albumin level ≥3.5 g/dL). Major complications included pulmonary complications, cardiac complications, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, and sepsis/septic shock. Minor complications included surgical infection, urinary tract infection, bleeding, and dehiscence. Data were analyzed via univariate chi-square and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the patients, 2532 (83.3%) had normal albumin and 506 (16.7%) had hypoalbuminemia. Patients with hypoalbuminemia were more likely to have smoking history (P = 0.008), pulmonary comorbidity (P < 0.001), renal comorbidity (P = 0.018), disseminated cancer (P < 0.001), steroid use (P < 0.001), recent weight loss (P < 0.001), bleeding disorder (P = 0.023), and preoperative transfusion (P < 0.001). After adjustment for preoperative variance, malnourished patients were more likely to experience death (P < 0.001), return to operating room (P < 0.001), free flap failure (P = 0.008), pulmonary complication (P < 0.001), deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (P = 0.019), wound disruption (P = 0.042), intraoperative transfusion (P < 0.001), minor complication (P < 0.001), major complication (P < 0.001), and extended length of stay (P < 0.001). Of the patients with normal albumin, 2.1% experienced flap failure compared with 6.3% of patients with hypoalbuminemia. It should be noted that malnourished patients were 3.370 times more likely to experience flap failure (95% confidence interval, 1.383-8.212; P = 0.008) and 3.975 times more likely to experience death (95% confidence interval, 1.700-9.626; P = 0.001) than those with normal albumin. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition is associated with death, flap failure, minor complications, and other major complications following H&N free flap surgery, even after controlling for preoperative variance. Optimizing preoperative nutrition status before free flap procedures may ameliorate morbidity and mortality in H&N patients.

Impact of sarcopenia on overall survival and local relapse in head and neck cancer patients undergoing surgical excision.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of sarcopenia on overall survival and local relapse in head and neck cancer patients undergoing surgical excision. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes head and neck cancer patients primarily treated with surgical excision in a tertiary care center. Patients were included if they had undergone an abdominal region Computer Tomography scan at least 45 days before the surgical excision. Hospital records were collected, and data analysis included patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor staging, surgical details, adjuvant therapy details, treatment complications, death records, and last follow-up appointment details. RESULTS: In this retrospective study, 138 head and neck cancer patients were included, with 69.6% males and 30.4% females. The mean age was 60.2±12.3 years, and the average follow-up time was 54.3±16.3 months. Sarcopenia was present in 48.6% of patients and absent in 51.4%. Sarcopenic patients had a significantly lower mean age compared to non-sarcopenic patients (p<0.05). The proportion of larynx cancer was significantly lower in the sarcopenia group compared to the non-sarcopenia group (p<0.05). According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging, stage IV was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group (p<0.05). Local relapse was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of sarcopenia evaluation in determining prognosis and identifying patients who may benefit from specialized and intensive nutritional programs. Sarcopenia harms overall survival and local relapse in head and neck cancer patients.

Functional Laryngectomy and Quality of Life in Survivors of Head and Neck Cancer With Intractable Aspiration.

Importance: Late effects of head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment include profound dysphagia, chronic aspiration, and death. Functional laryngectomy (FL) can improve patient survival and quality of life (QoL); however, removing a failing larynx for a noncancer reason is a difficult decision. Data regarding the ability of FL to improve self-perceptions of voice, swallowing, and QOL in survivors of HNC with intractable aspiration are inconclusive. Objective: To investigate the association of FL with changes in self-reported perceptions of voice, swallowing, oral intake, QoL, and mood in survivors of HNC experiencing profound dysphagia and intractable aspiration. Design, Settings, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted at a single academic institution and included survivors of HNC with profound swallowing dysfunction and intractable aspiration who underwent FL from July 2016 through March 2022. Of the initial 22 patients enrolled, 2 patients (15%) died of aspiration pneumonia before receiving FL. Data analyses were performed from July 2016 through March 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Self-reported measures of voice using the VHI (30-item Voice Handicap Index), swallowing using the EAT-10 (10-item Eating Assessment Tool), functional oral intake scale using the FOIS (Functional Oral Intake Scale), and quality of life using the FACT-H&N (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head & Neck) were assessed before FL and at 1, 3, and 6 months after FL. Mood states were evaluated using the POMS (Profile of Mood States, second edition), before FL and at 6 months after FL. Results: The study analyses included 20 patients (mean [SD] age, 72.4 (7.0) years; 19 [95%] males and 1 [5%] female) who underwent FL and had complete data across all time points. Among these, 12 patients (60%) had received chemoradiation for oropharyngeal, 7 (35%) for laryngeal, or 1 (5%) for nasopharyngeal cancer. The mean (SD) time from completion of oncologic treatment to FL was 15.5 (5.5) years. Mean (SD) score on the EAT-10 improved from 33.2 (7.4) to 23.1 (10.8) at 1 month; 12.1 (9.1) at 3 months; and 8.3 (7.4) at 6 months, with a large effect size (η2 = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.80). Mean (SD) score on the FOIS improved from 2.0 (1.5) to 2.9 (1.7) at 1 month; 4.8 (2.5) at 3 months; and 5.2 (1.7) at 6 months, with a large effect size (η2 = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.38-0.71). Improvement in oral intake was achieved in 19 patients (95%), and feeding tubes were removed in 10 of 16 patients (63%) who were feeding tube-dependent; 6 patients (27%) continued to require supplemental tube feedings. Mean (SD) score on the VHI improved from 63.6 (34.0) to 86.9 (33.7) at 1 month; 71.3 (36.1) at 3 months; and 39.7 (26.9) at 6 months, with a large effect size (η2 = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.56). Seventeen patients (85%) were able to use a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis for alaryngeal communication. Mean (SD) score on the FACT-H&N improved from 86.2 (17.8) to 93.6 (18.4) at 1 month; 109.0 (18.4) at 3 months; and 121.0 (16.8) at 6 months, with a large effect size (η2 = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.74). Mean (SD) score on the POMS improved from 58.9 (13.2) at baseline to 44.5 (9.9) at 6 months, with a large effect size (Cohen d = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.48-1.57). None of the patients experienced major complications of FL; 1 patient (5%) had a postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study indicate that FL was associated with marked improvements in self-perception of voice and swallowing, functional oral intake, QoL, and mood state among survivors of HNC. These findings can serve as a framework for FL counseling among HNC survivors experiencing profound dysphagia and intractable aspiration.

A Rare Case of Sudden Massive Neck Tumor.

A 23-year-old male patient sought evaluation at the vascular thyroid surgery clinic for a large neck tumor that appeared abruptly 10 days prior. What is your diagnosis?

The effects of Phoniatric PREhabilitation in Head and Neck Cancer patients on Aspiration and Preservation of Swallowing (PREHAPS): study protocol of a monocentric prospective randomized interventional outcome-blinded trial.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia, with its negative impact on life expectancy and quality of life, is a major side effect of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In a typical Head and Neck Cancer Center, more than half of patients are affected. Improving treatment, and ideally prevention respectively prehabilitation, therefore seems more than desirable. METHODS: The study is planned as a monocentric, prospective, outcome-blinded, randomized interventional study comparing an advanced phoniatric-logopedic prehabilitation with a control (standard of care). Seventy patients (30 control group, 30 intervention group, 10 drop-out rate of 15%) with an initial diagnosis of invasive HNSCC and curative treatment intention will be included over a period of 17 months. In addition to the previous standard, both groups will undergo both detailed subjective assessment of swallowing function and quality of life by means of various questionnaires and objective analyses by bioelectrical impedance measurements and phoniatric endoscopic swallowing examinations. In the intervention group, risk-related nutritional counseling (face-to-face) and phoniatric-logopedic prehabilitation are provided: detailed counseling with video demonstration and exercises to strengthen and improve the range of motion of the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles (guided by exercise diary). Controls are performed at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, and 9 or 12 months after the end of therapy during the regular tumor follow-up. Primary study endpoints are swallowing function and emotional distress at 6 weeks of control visit. DISCUSSION: Prehabilitation measures have already proven successful in other patient groups, e.g., transplant patients. In the field of head and neck oncology, interest in such concepts has increased significantly in recent years. However, usually, only subgroups, e.g., patients with swallowing problems after radiochemotherapy alone, are in focus. Our study aims to investigate the general benefit of prehabilitation with regard to swallowing function, which is so important for protection of aspiration and quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00029676 . International Clinical Trials Registry Platform DRKS00029676 . Registered on 19 July 2022.

Prospective development study of the Versius Surgical System for use in transoral robotic surgery: an IDEAL stage 1/2a first in human and initial case series experience.

PURPOSE: Transoral robotic surgery is well established in the treatment paradigm of oropharyngeal pathology. The Versius Surgical System (CMR Surgical) is a robotic platform in clinical use in multiple specialities but is currently untested in the head and neck. This study utilises the IDEAL framework of surgical innovation to prospectively evaluate and report a first in human clinical experience and single centre case series of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) with Versius. METHODS: Following IDEAL framework stages 1 and 2a, the study evaluated Versius to perform first in human TORS before transitioning from benign to malignant cases. Iterative adjustments were made to system setup, instrumentation, and technique, recorded in accordance with IDEAL recommendations. Evaluation criteria included successful procedure completion, setup time, operative time, complications, and subjective impressions. Further evaluation of the system to perform four-arm surgery was conducted. RESULTS: 30 TORS procedures were successfully completed (15 benign, 15 malignant) without intraoperative complication or conversion to open surgery. Setup time significantly decreased over the study period. Instrumentation challenges were identified, urging the need for TORS-specific instruments. The study introduced four-arm surgery, showcasing Versius' unique capabilities, although limitations in distal access were observed. CONCLUSIONS: TORS is feasible with the Versius Surgical System. The development of TORS-specific instruments would benefit performance and wider adoption of the system. 4-arm surgery is possible however further evaluation is required. Multicentre evaluation (IDEAL stage 2b) is recommended.

Oncological and functional outcomes for transoral robotic surgery following previous radiation treatment for upper aerodigestive tract head and neck cancers. A French multicenter GETTEC group study.

BACKGROUND: Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) opens new perspectives. We evaluated the outcomes for patients having undergone TORS after previous radiotherapy. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study (n = 138) in a previously irradiated area between 2009 and 2020. Survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were evaluated using a chi-squared test, Fisher's test, or Wilcoxon's test. RESULTS: The median length of hospital stay was 12.5 days. Bleeding was the most frequent postoperative complication (15.2%, n = 22). Prophylactic vessel ligation did not significantly decrease bleeding. Complications were significantly lower for Tis, T1, and N0 tumors. 91.6% (n = 120) of the patients with a perioperative tracheotomy could be decannulated. Larynx was functional for 65.94% of the patients. The median length of follow-up was 26 months. The 5-year overall and relapse-free survival rates were respectively 59.9% and 43.4%. CONCLUSION: Oncological and functional results confirmed the value of TORS as a treatment in previously irradiated area.

Flap loss in head and neck reconstruction: Is there a singular cause for failure?

Despite the high success rates reported in head and neck reconstruction, free flap failures continue to persist. Understanding the factors associated with flap loss and improving overall success are paramount. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the factors influencing flap revision and free tissue transfer survival in head and neck reconstruction. The study included 70 patients with defects in the lower two-thirds of the head and neck region and underwent reconstruction using free flaps. Patient age, gender, smoking status, comorbidities and data on the location and aetiology of the defect, the specific type of flap employed, the recipient artery and vein chosen, instances of revision and the overall success of the flap were collected. The investigation aimed to establish correlations between these variables as well as flap success and revision rates. No statistically significant differences were observed in arterial and venous anastomosis revision rates, or flap survival, in relation to variables such as age, gender, flap type, smoking status, comorbidities, recipient artery or vein and the number of vein anastomoses. The malignant tumour group exhibited a lower requirement for arterial revision and a higher flap survival rate compared to the benign tumour group. This study underscores the comparable safety profiles of perforator-based and conventional flaps in head and neck reconstruction. Furthermore, it reveals that patient characteristics are not contraindications for free tissue transfer. Additionally, the quantity of the veins and choice of recipient vessels are flexible and do not significantly impact flap success. The higher rates of flap success in patients with malignant aetiology requires further investigation.

The utility of ultrasonographic surveillance in management of a presumed branchial cleft cyst later confirmed HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.

While branchial cleft cysts are often considered benign pathologies, the literature discusses cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from these cystic lesions as either a primary or metastatic tumor. We illustrate our institutional experience and review the current literature to identify recommendations for best diagnostic, surveillance, and treatment guidelines for SCC identified in a branchial cleft cyst. A 61-year-old male presented with a right sided neck mass, with suspicion of a branchial cleft cyst due to benign findings on fine needle aspiration. Following surgical excision, a focus of SCC was found on surgical pathology. Despite PET/CT and flexible laryngoscopy, no primary tumor was identified prompting routine surveillance every 3 months with cervical ultrasonography and flexible nasolaryngoscopy. Two and a half years following his initial presentation, pathologic right level II lymphadenopathy was detected on ultrasound without evidence of primary tumor. Subsequent transoral robotic surgery with right tonsillectomy and partial pharyngectomy, with right lateral neck dissection revealed a diagnosis of pT1N1 HPV-HNSCC and he was referred for adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation. To our knowledge there are less than 10 cases of confirmed HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCC arising from a branchial cleft cyst. Here we demonstrate the utility of ultrasound as a surveillance tool and emphasize a higher index of suspicion for carcinoma in adult patients with cystic neck masses.

Comparison of a coupling system and the suture method in end-to-side microvascular anastomosis in head and neck reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Use of coupling devices in microvascular anastomosis continues to increase, but it is not yet actively used in end-to-side (ETS) anastomosis because there is no standard method. Therefore, we propose an easy and time-saving ETS micro-anastomosis method using coupling devices in head and neck reconstruction and compare it with the conventional suture method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 30 consecutive cases (43 anastomoses) of ETS anastomosis in head and neck reconstruction from 2018 to 2022. Patient characteristics, operative details, and anastomosis time were evaluated. When using the coupling device, a cross incision was created in the recipient vessel to form vascular flaps. By pulling the flaps out of the ring, the intact vessel lining was fixed. Other procedures were the same as for a traditional anastomosis. RESULTS: The mean anastomosis time was 12.81 min (range, 6.7-24.87) for the suture and 4.96 min (range, 2.02-9.4) for the coupling device, a statistically significant difference (p-value <.00005). There was no venous insufficiency or flap failure with either method. CONCLUSIONS: ETS venous anastomosis using the coupling device is an easy-to-use, safe, and timesaving procedure for head and neck reconstruction.

Patient Experience of Head and Neck Surgery With Free Flap Reconstruction.

Importance: Major head and neck surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer reconstruction is complex, with considerable risk of morbidity. Little is known about patients' experiences, including decision-making prior to, and regret following, free flap surgery. Objective: To characterize patient experiences and decision regret of patients undergoing head and neck reconstructive free flap surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: This mixed-methods cohort study comprising semistructured interviews was conducted June to August 2021 at a single tertiary academic cancer center. Participants underwent head and neck reconstructive surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer (flap) more than 3 months before recruitment (range, 3 months to 4 years). Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed for themes. Participants also completed a Decision Regret Scale questionnaire. Exposure: Microvascular free flap surgery for head and neck reconstruction. Main Outcomes and Measures: Thematic analysis of interviews, decision regret score. Results: Seventeen participants were interviewed. Median (IQR) age was 61 (52-70) years. Overall, 7 participants were women (49%), and 10 of 17 were men (59%). The most common free flap was fibula (8/17, 47%). Three major themes with 9 subthemes were identified: theme 1 was the tremendous effect of preoperative counseling on surgical decision-making and satisfaction, with subthemes including (1) importance of clinical care team counseling on decision to have surgery; (2) emotional context colors preoperative understanding and retention of information; (3) expectation-setting affects satisfaction with preoperative counseling; and (4) desire for diversified delivery of preoperative information. Theme 2 was coexisting and often conflicting priorities, including (1) desire to survive above all else, and (2) desire for quality of life. Theme 3 was perception of surgery as momentous and distressing, including (1) surgery as a traumatic event; (2) centrality of mental health, emotional resolve, and gratitude to enduring surgery and recovery; and (3) sense of accomplishment in recovery. On the Decision Regret Scale, most participants had no regret (n = 8, 47%) or mild regret (n = 5, 29%); 4 had moderate-to-severe regret (24%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this mixed-methods cohort study, patient experiences surrounding major head and neck reconstructive free flap surgery were described. Opportunities to improve support for this complex and vulnerable population, and to mitigate decision regret, were identified.

Evaluating Head and Neck Reconstruction Outcomes Proves Difficult-Seeking Improvement in Reporting.

This Viewpoint advocates for the improvement of the quality of head and neck reconstruction studies through accurate depictions of the defect and reconstruction performed.

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: a retrospective analysis of 34 cases in Japan.

PURPOSE: Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) is a rare condition. This study aimed to investigate oncological outcomes of surgical intervention in patients with MMHN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 34 patients with MMHN who underwent surgical resection as initial treatment at 10 institutions in Japan between July 2005 and June 2015. Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS), local control rate (LCR), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 48.7%, 53.4%, 32.4%, and 55.1%, respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, no independent prognostic factors for the 5-year OS and DSS were found. Based on univariate analysis, the 5-year LCR was worse in patients with lesions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses than in the oral cavity and pharynx. However, no differences in oncological outcomes were identified in relation to primary sites, and postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and adjuvant systemic therapy did not contribute to improvements in the 5-year OS. CONCLUSIONS: No independent prognostic factors for the 5-year OS or DSS were identified. Regional or distant recurrences are often identified, regardless of local control with surgical resection. Difficult control of MMHN with conventional therapeutic strategies, such as surgical intervention, PORT, and systemic therapy, has been suggested.